Today I will tell you some stories of how I made mistakes in our production environment, and how I am trying to help prevent future mistakes using iTerm.

Mistakes were made

At work we are mid-journey to having more automation around our deployments, provisioning, backups, monitoring, and so forth. But at the moment, we have some things that are typically done manually. Within recent memory, I was SSHed into our QA (staging) box and for some reason wanted to rename the database. A few minutes later, someone came down and said “production’s down!” ¹ (Production is the end-user visible environment, the one thing that we don’t want to be down.) I was thinking, “hmm, we haven’t changed anything recentl… wait, was I actually on the QA box?” Sure enough, what I renamed was the production database on the production environment! A minute later service was restored, but this was the most downtime this quarter during the day (a handful of minutes.)

As part of our postmortem on this issue, we identified that switching my terminal profile whenever I thought I would be in a production-like environment would be useful. For example, if I am going to be SSHing into a QA box, I might create a new profile that has a different background color. This would help disambiguate the two environments.

The other day after hours, I was switching back and forth between QA and production SSH environments to try to debug a problem on the QA side. I again thought that I had SSHed into the QA environment but I didn’t read my SSH command well enough when cycling between those environments (using Ctrl+r in the terminal will give you previous commands²). I turned off the production load balancer. Fortunately it was after hours, so I could easily revert it, but I needed a better solution.

Enough is enough

There are two problems with the profile switching approach: I need to remember to switch profiles when I am SSHing, and I need to be SSHing into the right environment for the given profile. These are error-prone enough that I don’t think the manual profile switching approach is workable long-term. Again, in a perfect world, we would have everything already automated and some way of making all of our changes through well-tested or peer-reviewed means. But there has to be a stopgap solution.

I had read a bit about automatic profile switching in iTerm after the database rename debacle. This iTerm feature provides the ability to know when we have changed servers and change the profile accordingly. At first, it seems to require shell integration, which means that you curl a script to each of your boxes to be able to use it. This seemed both potentially insecure and cumbersome as we add more servers to our environment, so I didn’t want to use it.

Triggers and automatic profile switching

Digging a bit deeper, it seems that you can also use triggers and automatic profile switching to mostly accomplish the same thing. There are two components we can work with to make this happen.

The first is a trigger. Triggers look at your terminal output and run actions when the output matches a given regular expression. There are a variety of interesting actions you can take based on a trigger, but we’ll use them to set the internal iTerm variables for username and hostname. Basically iTerm keeps track of these somewhere and you can use it to switch your profile automatically when it changes.

When the iTerm hostname or username changes you can use automatic profile switching for each profile to say when that profile should be used. If we change to a production host, then we should activate the production iTerm profile. Of course, when we exit out of that, we’d like to return to the default profile.

An example setup

Here’s a high level view of what we want to do. When we recognize something that means we are on:

• QA box, we switch to the QA profile (dark blue background)
• production box, we switch to the production profile (dark red background)
• localhost, we switch the default profile (black background)

I set up the following profiles, with rationale:

Default

Triggers

1. Set the iTerm username and host for either QA or production when we see it in an SSH prompt. The regex would match username@host-name directory_name $. If that were the prompt, this trigger would set username to username and host to host-name (the \1 pulls back the first match group of the regex.) Typically you’d have qa-web or prod-web or something like that as your hostname. You would want to match those for the next two parameters since you need the QA and production profiles to be based on the hostname (see below.)

   • Regular Expression: ^(\w+)@([\w\-]+):.*\$
   • Action: “Report User & Host”
   • Parameters: \1@\2
   • Instant: yes (explanation in its own section below)

2. Set the iTerm host to a QA-host when we recognize that it is a QA Rails prompt:

   • Regular Expression: ^Loading qa environment \(Rails [\d\.]+\)$
   • Action: “Report User & Host”
   • Parameters: @some-qa-host
   • Instant: not needed

3. Set the iTerm host to a production host when we recognize that it is a production Rails prompt. Similar to the previous trigger, but substitute production for instances of QA.

Automatic Profile Switching

Automatically switch to this profile when the hostname changes to our local host (hydration, in the case of my computer.³)

QA / Production

These are basically identical to each other, except for the automatic profile switching hostname. I copied these from the default profile and then changed the background color and name. The specific colors you use are not important as long as you can clearly differentiate the colors between environments and the production color strikes some sort of fear into you when you see it.

Trigger

When you see my special local prompt character (♦), set the iTerm host to the local machine name (hydration), since we want to switch back to the default profile at that point.

• Regular Expression: ♦
• Action: “Report User & Host”
• Parameters: @hydration
• Instant: yes (explanation in its own section below)

Note: Having some sort of special local prompt is important to being able to use this approach. My guess is that you have customized your local prompt in some way so that you can either see the hostname in it or have some characters or patterns that are not typically encountered.

Automatic Profile Switching

Automatically switch to this profile when the iTerm hostname changes to the environment that we want. We would use qa-web for the QA profile, or prod-web for the production profile.

Testing

I usually work slowly and try to get one environment working first, and then try to get switching back to my default environment after that. You’ll know when you have things hooked up correctly when the colors change.

At first I was testing by actually SSHing into the boxes, but this was a bit slower than needed. Since iTerm does this matching based on looking at your terminal output, you can just echo a test string and you should be able to see the profile change (or flash for a little bit if you have switching back to the default profile configured.)

Instant or not?

“Instant” in the trigger definition refers to whether iTerm will wait for a newline before checking the output or not. Generally if something is in an interactive prompt, you probably want instant. If you don’t have instant enabled, then your profile won’t change until the second time the prompt is loaded because a newline won’t be provided until you press return/enter to finish inputting your command. I’d imagine that using instant is slightly slower since it constantly looks at the output, so I’d recommend not using it unless you are in an interactive prompt situation.

Wrapping up

I think that the iTerm documentation is not yet perfect for this feature, so setting this up for my environment took a little time. But now that it’s written up, hopefully you can see how a setup like this works and can customize it for your environment with less effort. It’s not a perfect solution, but it has already been helpful. Also, it’s just cool to see your background color change when you run a command. I’d say the fifteen minute investment is worth the effort to not do something silly in a live server.

Today I want to share a tool that I have found indispensable for finding and fixing intermittent tests in test suites. It’s a little script I wrote, called ntimes.

Based on the commit logs to my dotfiles repository, until about 2014, to run the same command many times, I would press up in my terminal and press enter. While effective, this approach has the disadvantage of requiring me to be present at the machine and do manual work. I thought: there must be a better way.

So, probably by cribbing from somewhere and adding my own extensions, I made a script that could run an arbitrary command-line command multiple times and report a summary at the end. To use it, I would use something like:

$ ntimes 100 rspec spec/models/user_spec.rb:42

This would run that specific RSpec test or block one hundred times. At the end, the script prints how many times it succeeded and how many times it failed.

I also use Mac’s say command to get some audio feedback during test runs. It is a bit annoying to have it say “succeeded” whenever it successfully ran, but it can be useful to know when there was a failure (“guess I didn’t fix the issue…”). So I have it say a quick “failure” immediately when there is a failure (non-zero exit code of the command) and either “Success!” or “At least some failed…” at the end depending on the overall status. While it couples this script to Mac, you could probably extend it to use a more cross-platform approach.

Since it just operates based on the exit code, this command could be used on other programs to run them multiple times as well. If you don’t care about the successes or failures, you can still use it to run the same command multiple times.

Combining git bisect with ntimes as the command allows us to see when a test likely started being flaky. It is helpful to have a small scope of what could be causing the test to be intermittent. If it is because of a test setup issue in another directory, then you might have to run your entire test suite. (This would take much longer, so you might have to run it overnight.) ntimes is also quite helpful when taking over an existing code base that might have intermittent tests.

Sometimes if I’m worried about a test that I just wrote, I’ll do a proactive ntimes 100 on it just to be sure that I am not committing a test that will soon fail. I generally try to do this if I have really complicated before/after blocks or if I might be polluting global state.

To install ntimes on your machine, download it, make it executable, and then put it somewhere on your PATH. Please let me know if you found it useful!

In our Slack organization and Github pull request review, I have noticed a small pattern of using parentheses to soften or clarify the statements that we make. Sometimes it used by someone in a position of authority to emphasize that a comment is an idea, not a directive. Other times, it represents that things are not critical to address, but might be something that we want to look into.

I originally wanted to call this post “The Shipley Parenthetical” since Kyle uses it all of the time. Didn’t know if he thought of it this way / approves though. :)

In this post I’ll give a few examples of how this works and some thoughts on it.

Example 1

Just capturing a thought that would be helpful or is on the commenter’s mind, but wanting to be clear that there is no specific action item around this.

Will avoid further churn, IMO. (Down the road, we may even want a copywriter with clinical knowledge on or near the product team.)

Example 2

Hedging a comment about what might be the best with a bit of YAGNI:

That is probably my preferred order overall, with my additional comment that making it data instead of code might sidestep the matching problem entirely if it is worth it. (Not sure if it is yet.)

I think this is a good way of resolving the need to point out something that could be better while not committing us to doing it.

Example 3

Comment by author of pull request after a comment by reviewer to remove some code:

This interactor is actually part of the original code. Are we ready to start removing it?

(Not planning to restore here for that reason unless there are objections.)

I like this because it specifies a reason for not removing the code and states what the default behavior will be if an argument against it is not raised. It might be even better if the timeline for when the option to respond expires.

Example 4

In a review, after commenting on a specific issue, the next comment the reviewer makes is on the same issue in a different place. They said:

(Same thing here, sorry.)

I like this as a way of indicating that the reviewer is being empathetic while still showing that there are a few places where the same problem exists. This approach is better than “WRONG AGAIN” or equivalent statements.

Example 5

Interjecting into a pull request conversation to potentially clarify reviewer’s comment while still admitting imperfect knowledge:

I think @shipstar was saying for the right hand side of the expression, is there a foo field on baz? Or should it be bar? (At least that is how I read his comment.)

Example 6

Indicating that a comment is non-blocking, but that would be nice to have:

(Could also use .reject instead of .select if the intentional is filtering. Seems infinitesimally more semantic.)

Any thoughts?

This is kind of a new format of a post for me. Basically I’m harvesting artifacts for free blog posts from Slack and Github. Not sure that I would try it again, but it might be helpful / interesting to someone. (What did you think?)

Although I wrote about how automatically turn the internet off at night, sometimes my schedule shifts later or I am trying to get some side project work done and want to burn the midnight oil. In this post I’ll cover what I consider the best tools for an evening computer work environment.¹ So what can you do besides changing your text editor colors?

Chrome

I use Chrome for my browser since it has many extensions and doesn’t seem to eat up memory at this point. For the nighttime setup I’m using one extension to make the new tab page black, and another to make most other pages dark.²

Dark Reader

To make most pages inverted and dampened, I highly recommend the Dark Reader Chrome extension.³ It is excellent. Sites look as good or better than their brighter counterparts. Github diffs in particular look really good. Here’s a screenshot of it in action:

Dark Reader has several hue and brightness settings that you can change (see right image), and you can toggle it globally or for a particular website. Generally I just turn it on globally with alt+shift+d at night and turn it off in the morning with the same shortcut.

It also handles images well. Unlike other plugins, it does not invert the colors, it just mutes them. Not inverting avoids blinding you with what are normally dark images.

I like using Dark Reader and it always makes me nostalgic for a dark theme that I set up on a personal wiki back in the day. I encourage you to install it and try it out on this page. I think it looks pretty cool!

Blank tab plugin

Generally when you open a new tab, Chrome presents you with your bookmarks or sites you have visited. I prefer to have a more minimal new tab page to avoid distracting me and to load more quickly. Generally I opt for Empty New Tab Page to simplify the new tab page down to just a blank page. However this plugin produces a blinding white background so it is less desirable for evening working. Fortunately, there is a similar and well-named plugin called Empty New Tab Page - Black which solves this problem by making the new tab black. So I generally have both installed and can disable whichever one I am not using at the moment.

Dark console

You can also change the default Chrome DevTools window from the default light background to a dark background. This makes web app debugging at night a bit more palatable.

To change yours:

• open the DevTools window
• click on the dots in the upper right corner of the window
• select “Settings”
• choose the dark theme from the list of themes

PDF - MuPDF

I was reading Programming Elixir and Programming Phoenix for a side project that I am working on. The key features that I wanted in a night-time Preview (native OS X PDF viewer) replacement were:

• Vim-like navigation (j/k to move up/down, etc.)
• inverted viewing mode

I looked for a bit and found MuPDF. It is open source and available on Homebrew (mupdf package.) It gives Vim-like navigation and its inverted mode is quite good. Here is a side-by-side view of normal and inverted mode:

Actually running it is a bit tricky since it is normally a Linux program. The invocation that I found useful is:

mupdf-x11 <filename> &

This opens the file in the X11 version of the program and gives you back shell control (& launches it as a daemon). So not entirely easy to get running, but I have found it useful. To toggle night mode, just press i and it quickly inverts the colors.

Monitor setup

There are a few considerations to make with your displays.

Generally turning down the brightness is useful. The built-in laptop display has keyboard shortcuts so is easy to change. Most external monitors are a little trickier, but some have modes that you can configure so you can more easily toggle between day and night modes.

If your external monitor flashes you with a full screen of blue pixels whenever it is unplugged like mine does, then I would advise turning it off before unplugging to avoid this. Blue light is most harmful to melatonin production, which aids sleep and is a powerful antioxidant.

f.lux

Since we are on the topic of blue light, I will mention f.lux. This program shifts the color palette of the monitors to a more red tint automatically based on the time of the day. I am guessing that most people reading this have heard of f.lux, so I won’t cover this much further.

Any other tools?

Do you have a night-time setup for your computer? What tools have you found useful? Thanks!

Recently I finished up some shell functions that help me with some common git and testing workflows. They are up on Github, but I wanted to call them out since they might be helpful to others and just making something open source does not mean that it is discoverable. I think the philosophies are pretty solid even if you use different tools. You could use similar functions if you are using Bash or ZSH.

Overview

The general problem that I am trying to solve is that different tools like RSpec, git, or RuboCop produce output in a certain format, and I often want to do things with that output. For example, I might want to re-run the RSpec tests that just failed so I can verify fixes more easily.¹ However, RSpec outputs in a certain format that is not easily consumable. For example:

...
Failed examples:

rspec ./code/fail_spec.rb:2 # something failed
rspec ./code/fail_spec.rb:8 # yet another failure
...

If I want to re-run these two tests, I could copy the two lines and paste into my terminal. This would have a couple of downsides though. One is that I would need to spin up one RSpec process for each test that failed. This is time-prohibitive if the project loads the Rails environment. It also prevents me from getting a reliable list of the tests that failed so I can repeat this process. Last, I’d like to ideally use a faster test runner like Zeus or Spring. So my real goal is to re-run the failing tests as quickly as possible.

One approach that I took for a few years was to copy the output, paste it into an editor (Vim), and then do some macros or other commands to munge it into the format that I want. However, this is time-consuming and potentially error-prone. It is also usually wasteful since I need to do it each time that I want to transform the output to a particular format, and often I don’t have the editor macros saved. It can be nice to have the list of tests to retry in an external editor to be able to check them off, but I prefer to not need the intermediate step.

Solution

The specific solution I made to solve this problem was to create a shell function that I called respec:

# copy the rspec failures, and this will rerun them as one command
function respec() {
  pbpaste | \
    cut -d ' ' -f 2 | \
    sort | \
    xargs rspec
}

First, I manually copy the tests that I want to run again. Using iTerm2, it is as simple as selecting the failure summary text since selections are automatically copied to the clipboard. pbpaste then echos the contents of the system clipboard. From there, we want a list of the tests that failed so we can run them again. The format of failing tests are:

rspec ./code/fail_spec.rb:2 # something failed
...

To be able to run any test that failed, we want:

./code/fail_spec.rb:2

One approach to solving this problem is to split the line by spaces and take the second item. We could do this with the cut command (saying the delimiter is space and we want the second field) or with awk (awk '{print $2}').² From there, we just sort the files since they might have not been sorted depending on our test strategy, and we pipe the resultant tests to rspec using xargs.

Expanding on this

Something else we might want to do with the RSpec output is to edit the files that have failing tests. It could be that the tests need to be updated, or that it gives us faster access to the application files if we are using something like vim-projectionist. We don’t want to get all of the test failures, just the files that failed. So we could create a similar function that would edit the files that have failing tests:

# after copying the rspec failures, this will edit the files that had failures
function espec() {
  pbpaste | \
    cut -d ' ' -f 2 | \
    cut -d ':' -f 1 | \
    sort | \
    uniq | \
    xargs $EDITOR

Extracting common functions

There is some duplication in the current code. We’re always pulling the test failures from the clipboard, then getting the actual file and line numbers, and then sorting the tests. To DRY up the functions, we can create an intermediate function to take care of getting the test failures:

# returns the list of filenames from rspec output format
function rspec_paste() {
  pbpaste | cut -d ' ' -f 2 | sort
}

Then we can call this function inside of our existing functions:

function respec() {
  rspec_paste | xargs rspec
}

function espec() {
  rspec_paste | cut -d ':' -f 1 | uniq | xargs $EDITOR
}

Much simpler and easier to read.

Running commands on modified files

Another common workflow that I have is to run any tests that have changed in source control. Back in the day I would have done a git status, copied the test files that I want to retest, and added them after an rspec command on the command-line. Again, this is suboptimal.

Since I’ve shown function extraction above, let’s skip to the chase:

# return all files that are changed but not deleted in git
# needs to handle
# R  spec/1_spec.rb -> features/2_spec.rb
function modified_files() {
  git status --porcelain | \
    grep -v -e '^[ ]*D' | \
    awk 'match($1, ""){print $2}' | \
    sort | \
    uniq
}

This function will print out any files that were modified but not deleted. This is relevant because if we deleted a test file, we don’t want to try to run it since RSpec will immediately fail if test files are not recognized. For more information on the output format of git-porcelain, check out the git docs.

On its own, modified_files is useless. But now we can make functions that work with it. From there, we can run RSpec on any spec files that were changed:

function gspec() {
  modified_files | \
    grep -e "_spec\.rb$" | \
    xargs best_rspec
}

So basically we want to take any modified files, remove any that aren’t spec files, and then we run them through the best_rspec script. What’s that, you ask?

best_rspec

This is a small script that I put on my path to figure out what the fastest RSpec binary is and to use that to run tests. I’ve also aliased it to r, for faster typing of the command and to avoid needing to think about what environment I am running the tests in.

#!/bin/sh

if [ -f bin/rspec ]; then
  # use spring rspec if it is around
  ./bin/rspec $@
elif [ -S .zeus.sock ]; then
  echo "Running tests with Zeus"
  zeus test $@
else
  echo 'Running with naked `rspec`'
  rspec $@
fi

If we have Spring configured for the project, use that since it will be no slower than using the normal RSpec binary. If we have a Zeus socket open, then use that. Otherwise, just use the default rspec command.

I updated respec and gspec and any other commands that run RSpec tests use this to give the same behavior for free. Considering which binary to use is something I previously would have spent a brain cycle or two on that now just happens automatically regardless of what project I am working on. I consider it a win.

Putting it all together

Let’s discuss a common flow that uses these different operations. First, I check out a new branch and want to add a feature. I write some tests and watch them fail, then make them pass. I can make sure that all of the test files that I’ve added or modified pass before committing them with gspec.³ When I think I’m done with my feature, I run the test suite and there are some test failures. After copying the test failure lines which are at the bottom of the RSpec output, I can run respec to quickly confirm that they aren’t intermittent tests. Then I can run espec to open the files up and fix the issues. I run respec each time I think I’ve fixed some of the tests, and the failure output will hopefully reduce each time so I am running fewer tests the next time. Finally, I run gspec again to make sure that the tests are indeed passing. Each time, we are using the Spring test runner to avoid needing to spend seconds reloading the Rails environment.

Food for thought

Consider what workflows you have after seeing a program’s output and how you might create small, composable, functions or programs to help automate them. In addition to RSpec or other testing tools, you might consider the output of code linters or static analyzers, code deployment tools, and so forth.

My configuration is up on Github, check it out for some additional helpers that I use to re-run cucumber tests and to work with RuboCop output for re-running that tool.